Text adapted in 2021 from Smoking Cessation in The Primary Care Addiction Toolkit (online only). A complete list of Toolkit authors, editors and contributors is available here.
2008 PHS Guideline Update Panel, Liaisons and Staff. (2008b). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians – 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
Alpert, H.R., Connoly, G.N. & Biener, L. (2012). A prospective cohort study challenging the effectiveness of population-based medical intervention for smoking cessation. Tobacco Control. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050129.
Anthenelli, R. M., Benowitz, N. L., West, R., St Aubin, L., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., ... & Evins, A. E. (2016). Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Lancet, 387(10037), 2507-2520.
Aveyard, P., Lindson, N., Tearne, S., Adams, R., Ahmed, K., Alekna, R., Banting, M., Healy, M., Khan, S., Rai, G., Wood, C., Anderson, E. C., Ataya-Williams, A., Attwood, A., Easey, K., Fluharty, M., Freuler, T., Hurse, M., Khouja, J., Lacey, L., … Pokhrel, S. (2018). Nicotine preloading for smoking cessation: the Preloading RCT. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 22(41), 1–84. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta22410
Bader, P., McDonald, P. & Selby, P. (2009). An algorithm for tailoring pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: Results from a Delphi panel of international experts. Tobacco Control, 18, 34–42. doi:10.1136/tc.2008.025635.
Barnes, J., McRobbie, H., Dong, C. Y., Walker, N., & Hartmann‐Boyce, J. (2019). Hypnotherapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).
Bohadana, A., Nilsson, F., Rasmussen, T. & Martinet, Y. (2000). Nicotine inhaler and nicotine patch as a combination therapy for smoking cessation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160 (20), 3128–3134.
CAN-ADAPTT: The Canadian Action Network for the Advancement, Dissemination and Adoption of Practice-Informed Tobacco Treatment. (2012). Pharmacotherapy. In Canadian Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline. Toronto: Author.
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. (2014). Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation or Reduction: A Review of the Clinical Evidence. Ottawa, ON: Author.
Food and Drug Administration (U.S.). (2015, March 9). FDA drug safety communication: FDA updates label for stop smoking drug Chantix (varenicline) to include potential alcohol interaction, rare risk of seizures, and studies of side effects on mood, behavior, or thinking.
Gray, J. (Ed.). (2007). Therapeutic Choices (5th ed.). Ottawa, ON: Canadian Pharmacists Association.
Jorenby, D.E., Leischow, S.J., Nides, M.A., Rennard, S.I., Johnston, J.A., Hughes, A.R. et al. (1999). A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine, 340 (9), 685–691.
Livingstone‐Banks, J., Ordó?ez‐Mena, J. M., & Hartmann‐Boyce, J. (2019). Print‐based self‐help interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).
Prochazka, A.V., Weaver, M.J., Keller, R.T., Fryer, G.E., Licari, P.A. & Lofaso, D. (1998). A randomized trial of nortriptyline for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158 (18), 2035–2039.
Reid, J.L., Hammond, D., Rynard, V.L. & Burkhalter, R. (2014). Tobacco Use in Canada: Patterns and Trends, 2014 Edition. Waterloo, ON: Propel Centre for Population Health Impact, University of Waterloo.
Siahpush, M., Singh, G. K., Tibbits, M., Pinard, C. A., Shaikh, R. A., & Yaroch, A. (2014). It is better to be a fat ex-smoker than a thin smoker: findings from the 1997–2004 National Health Interview Survey? National Death Index linkage study. Tobacco control, 23(5), 395-402.
White, A. R., Rampes, H., Liu, J. P., Stead, L. F., & Campbell, J. (2014). Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).
Zhang, Bo et al. “Duration of nicotine replacement therapy use and smoking cessation: a population-based longitudinal study.” American journal of epidemiology vol. 181,7 (2015): 513-20. doi:10.1093/aje/kwu292